The seed extract of V. vinifera has been scientifically investigated to evaluate its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-allergic activities. On the skin, grape seed extract was shown

to be protective against UVB-induced damage, modulating anti-oxidant enzymes and IL-1ß levels. In a recent clinical trial, an emulsion containing grape seed extract displayed improvement of skin brightening, elasticity, and sebum content, implicating the cosmetic application of grapevine. Furthermore, the potential for oral care was studied with grape seed extract. Remineralization is one of the treatments for tooth decay, and grape seed extract promotes remineralization in this study.